35 a. C. – 1000
Before and after the conquest
- Celts
- Romans
- Huns
- Avars
- Slavs
- Magyars
The basin was a corridor for steppe peoples. The Magyars brought a Finno-Ugric language related to languages of the Ural region.
EuropaCapital: Budapest
Hungría
Hungría se encuentra en la cuenca de los Cárpatos, donde las tribus magiares de jinetes se asentaron hacia 895. El reino medieval fue uno de los grandes Estados de Europa central hasta que en el siglo XVI quedó dividido entre otomanos y Habsburgo. Después de 1920 el país perdió dos tercios de su territorio; tras cuatro décadas de régimen comunista se convirtió en 1989 en una república parlamentaria.
- Idiomas
- Hungarian (official), German, Romani, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian and Serbian (recognised minority languages)
- Religiones y cosmovisiones
- Roman Catholicism, Calvinism (Reformed Church), Lutheranism, Jewish community, Non-religious population
Cronología histórica
35 a. C. – 433
Roman Pannonia
The land west of the Danube becomes a Roman province; Aquincum lies on the site of later Budapest.
895
Magyar conquest
Under Prince Árpád, Magyar tribes cross the Carpathians and take possession of the basin.
1000
Coronation of Stephen I
The first king turns Hungary into a Christian kingdom on the western model.
1241 – 1242
Mongol invasion
A Mongol army devastates large parts of the country; afterwards the king has stone castles built.
1526 – 1699
Battle of Mohács
The Ottomans defeat the Hungarian army; the kingdom splits into a Habsburg, an Ottoman and a Transylvanian part.
1848 – 1849
Revolution and war of independence
Reformers demand a government of their own; the uprising is put down in 1849 with Russian help.
1920
Treaty of Trianon
Hungary loses about two thirds of its territory; millions of Hungarians have lived in neighbouring countries ever since.
1956
Hungarian Uprising
A popular uprising against communist rule is crushed by Soviet troops; some 200,000 people flee.
Contexto histórico
Its position on the edge of the steppe and on the border between Latin and Orthodox Europe repeatedly made Hungary a frontier zone. The Ottoman period left the centre of the country depopulated, while the west under the Habsburgs and Transylvania as a semi-independent principality went their own ways.
The language, which is related to none of the neighbouring languages, became the core of national consciousness in the nineteenth century. The loss of territory in 1920 remained an open wound in politics and to this day shapes relations with the Hungarian minorities in neighbouring countries.
Pueblos y patrimonio cultural a través del tiempo
1000
Kingdom and modern state
- Hungarians
- German-speaking Danube Swabians
- Slovaks
- Romanians
- Serbs and Croats
- Roma
- Jewish communities
The kingdom was multilingual; after the Ottoman period the Habsburgs brought settlers to depopulated regions. The Holocaust cost more than half a million Hungarian Jews their lives.
Religión, cosmovisión y filosofía
Around 1000 King Stephen chose Latin Christianity and the bond with Rome, a choice that oriented the country towards the West. In the sixteenth century a large part of the population became Calvinist; the city of Debrecen is still called the 'Calvinist Rome'.
In Transylvania the Diet of Torda laid down in 1568 that congregations could choose their own preacher, one of the earliest European laws on freedom of religion. Jewish life flourished in the nineteenth century, especially in Budapest, until the deportations of 1944.
Movimientos artísticos
🎨 Hungarian Romanticismnineteenth century
The composer Franz Liszt and the poet Sándor Petőfi linked art with the national cause; the painter Mihály Munkácsy recorded the life of the people.
🎨 Szecesszióc. 1890–1914
The Hungarian Art Nouveau of the architect Ödön Lechner used folk motifs and colourful Zsolnay ceramics on façades and roofs.
🎨 Folk music research and modernismtwentieth century
Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály recorded thousands of peasant songs and worked their rhythms and scales into modern compositions.
Tradiciones y costumbres
BusójárásFiestaFebruary
In Mohács men in wooden masks and sheepskins drive out the winter at the end of carnival.
TáncházMúsica y danza
Since the 1970s city dwellers have learned folk dances to live music in 'dance houses'; recognised by UNESCO.
Bathing cultureCostumbreall year
Thermal springs feed bathhouses from the Ottoman period and the nineteenth century, above all in Budapest.
Matyó embroideryArtesanía
Colourful floral embroidery from the area around Mezőkövesd on clothing and linen.
Gastronomía e historia culinaria
Hungarian cooking is hearty and built on paprika powder, onion, lard and sour cream. Paprika only arrived in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries via the Ottoman Empire; the stews go back to the cauldron cooking of herdsmen on the puszta.
Historia gastronómica
Medieval court cooking used mainly pepper, saffron and ginger. The Ottomans brought paprika, tomato, aubergine and coffee; the poor adopted paprika powder as a cheap substitute for pepper, and only in the nineteenth century did it reach middle-class cooking too.
In the same century goulash and paprikás were deliberately raised to national dishes, as a counterweight to Viennese cooking. The wine of Tokaj had by then been a favoured gift to European courts for centuries; Louis XIV is said to have called it the 'wine of kings'.
- Cauldron cooking of herdsmen and drovers
- Ottoman vegetables, spices and coffee
- Austrian and German bourgeois cooking
- Viticulture since Roman times
GulyásSopa
Soup of beef, onion, potato and paprika powder, traditionally cooked in a cauldron over a fire.
Origen: Herdsmen's dish of the Great Hungarian Plain; paprika since the eighteenth century.
LángosComida callejera
Deep-fried yeast dough with garlic, sour cream and grated cheese.
Origen: Originally a flatbread from the baking oven; street food from the twentieth century.
Dobos tortePostre
Cake of thin sponge layers with chocolate buttercream and a hard caramel top.
Origen: Budapest, 1885, by the confectioner József Dobos.
Tokaji aszúBebida
Sweet white wine made from grapes shrivelled by noble rot.
Origen: Tokaj; the wine region has been legally delimited since 1737.
Maravillas y patrimonio
Aún no hay maravillas en la base de datos.
Figuras históricas
Aún no hay figuras asociadas.
Acontecimientos
- Comienzo de la Revolución húngara23 de octubre de 1956 · Revolución y levantamiento
Conflictos y fósiles
Fuentes: Hungary — Encyclopaedia Britannica · UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage: Busó festivities at Mohács