公元前800年 – 976
Antiquity and early Middle Ages
- Celts
- Romans
- Bavarians
- Alpine Slavs
Celtic and Roman communities were followed after the migration period by Bavarian settlers in the north and Slavic groups in the south-east.
欧洲首都: 维也纳
奥地利
奥地利位于阿尔卑斯山东段和多瑙河沿岸。从十三世纪到1918年，它是哈布斯堡家族的核心领地，该家族在维也纳统治着一个拥有数十个民族和语言的帝国。经历两次世界大战和七年的纳粹统治之后，奥地利于1955年成为中立的共和国，并自1995年起成为欧洲联盟成员国。
- 语言
- German (official, in Austrian varieties), Slovene, Croatian and Hungarian (recognised minority languages), Bavarian and Alemannic dialects
- 宗教与世界观
- Roman Catholicism, Protestant and Orthodox churches, Muslim communities, Jewish community, Non-religious population
历史时间线
公元前800年 – 公元前450年
Hallstatt culture
Salt mining at Hallstatt makes the region a centre of the early Iron Age in central Europe.
公元前15年 – 488
Roman provinces
The area is absorbed into the provinces of Noricum, Raetia and Pannonia; Vindobona (Vienna) is a legionary camp on the Danube frontier.
976 – 1246
Margraviate under the Babenbergs
A border region of the Holy Roman Empire grows into a duchy; the name 'Ostarrîchi' is first recorded in 996.
1278 – 1918
Start of Habsburg rule
Rudolf I defeats the Bohemian king and gives Austria to his sons; the dynasty reigns until 1918.
1683
Second Siege of Vienna
An Ottoman army is defeated before the city; afterwards the Habsburgs extend their power over Hungary.
1867 – 1918
Austria-Hungary
The 'Ausgleich' turns the empire into a dual monarchy with two governments under one sovereign.
1938 – 1945
Anschluss
Nazi Germany annexes Austria; tens of thousands of Austrian Jews are murdered, many flee.
1955
State Treaty and neutrality
The Allied occupation ends and parliament lays down permanent neutrality.
历史背景
The Habsburgs extended their power mainly through marriages and inheritances. The result was not a nation state but a collection of lands with their own laws, estates and languages, held together by the dynasty, the army, the civil service and the Catholic Church.
Nineteenth-century nationalism put that structure under pressure; after the defeat of 1918 a small German-speaking republic remained, which many doubted was viable. Only after 1945 did a distinct Austrian national consciousness grow, together with a debate, begun late, about the country's own role in National Socialism.
历代族群与文化传承
976
Habsburg era to the present
- German-speaking Austrians
- Slovene minority in Carinthia
- Croats and Hungarians in Burgenland
- Jewish communities
- Migrant communities
As the capital of a multinational empire Vienna attracted people from Bohemia, Hungary, Galicia and the Balkans; after 1945 labour migrants came from Yugoslavia and Turkey.
宗教、世界观与哲学
In the sixteenth century a large part of the population had become Protestant. The Habsburg Counter-Reformation reversed that by coercion and by the Baroque splendour of monasteries and pilgrimage churches; only Joseph II's Patent of Toleration in 1781 permitted other confessions again.
Around 1900 Vienna was a breeding ground for new ideas: Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis there, and the philosophers of the Vienna Circle and Ludwig Wittgenstein searched for the limits of language and knowledge. Many of these thinkers were of Jewish descent and were driven out or murdered after 1938.
艺术流派
🎨 Viennese Classicismc. 1770–1830
In Vienna Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert developed the symphony, the string quartet and sonata form into the core of classical music.
🎨 Biedermeier1815–1848
A middle-class style of domestic interiors, portraits and landscapes that arose in a time of political censorship.
🎨 Vienna Secession and Jugendstil1897–c. 1914
Gustav Klimt, Egon Schiele and the architect Otto Wagner broke with academicism; the Wiener Werkstätte linked art with craft.
传统与习俗
Viennese coffee house culture习俗all year
In the coffee house people read, write and talk for hours over a single cup of coffee; intangible heritage since 2011.
Viennese ball音乐与舞蹈January–February
In the ball season professional groups and institutions hold hundreds of balls, with the waltz as the standard dance.
Krampus and Perchten仪式December–January
In Alpine villages masked figures with bells and birch rods move through the streets around the feast of St Nicholas.
Almabtrieb节庆September
At the end of summer the decorated cattle return in procession from the mountain pastures to the valley.
饮食与烹饪文化史
Austrian cooking is the cooking of a former empire: dishes from Bohemia, Hungary, northern Italy and the Balkans took on their familiar form in Vienna. Flour-based dishes and pastries occupy a strikingly large place.
饮食文化史
The court and the nobility brought cooks and dishes from across the empire to Vienna, where they were refined and given a German name. The coffee houses, the first of which opened shortly after the siege of 1683, became the living rooms of the city.
The word 'Mehlspeisen' covers both sweet main dishes and pastries and shows how important dough is in this cuisine: much of it comes from Bohemian cooking and from Lent, when no meat was eaten. In the countryside the Alpine farm cooking of cheese, dumplings and smoked meat lived on.
- Bohemian flour-based dishes
- Hungarian paprika dishes and stews
- Northern Italian cooking
- Alpine dairy and livestock farming
- Ottoman coffee, since the seventeenth century
Wiener schnitzel主菜
Thinly pounded veal, breaded and fried in clarified butter or lard.
起源: Nineteenth century; related to the Milanese cotoletta.
Tafelspitz主菜
Boiled beef from the broth, with apple horseradish and fried potatoes.
起源: Viennese bourgeois cooking, nineteenth century.
Apfelstrudel甜点
Paper-thin stretched dough filled with apple, raisins and cinnamon.
起源: The oldest known recipe dates from 1697; the dough technique arrived via the Ottoman Empire.
Sachertorte甜点
Chocolate cake with a layer of apricot jam and a chocolate glaze.
起源: Vienna, 1832, attributed to Franz Sacher.
资料来源： Austria — Encyclopaedia Britannica · UNESCO World Heritage: Historic Centre of Vienna