西元前1000年 – 647
Antiquity
- Berbers (Imazighen)
- Phoenicians and Carthaginians
- Romans
- Vandals
- Byzantines
The Berber population lived in kingdoms and tribal confederations; coastal towns were in contact with Carthage and later Rome.
非洲首都: 阿爾及爾
阿爾及利亞
阿爾及利亞是非洲面積最大的國家：地中海沿岸是一條狹長而肥沃的地帶，其後是阿特拉斯山脈，再往南則是撒哈拉沙漠。柏柏爾諸王國、羅馬、阿拉伯王朝和奧斯曼帝國都在這裡留下了印記。經歷132年的法國殖民統治和長達八年的戰爭之後，該國於1962年獨立。
- 語言
- Arabic (official; Algerian Arabic in daily life), Tamazight (official since 2016), French (widely used in education, commerce and the media)
- 宗教與世界觀
- Sunni Islam (Maliki school), Ibadism in the M'zab valley, Small Christian communities
歷史時間線
西元前6000年
Rock art of Tassili n'Ajjer
Thousands of paintings and engravings show cattle, hunters and wild animals in a Sahara that was then still green.
西元前202年 – 西元前46年
Kingdom of Numidia
King Massinissa unites Berber tribes and allies with Rome against Carthage.
西元前46年 – 430
Roman North Africa
Cities such as Timgad and Djémila supply grain and olive oil; the church father Augustine is bishop of Hippo.
647 – 710
Arab conquest and Islamisation
Arab armies reach the Maghreb; Islam, and later Arabic too, spreads among the Berber population.
1516 – 1830
Ottoman Regency of Algiers
The city becomes a largely autonomous Ottoman province and a centre of privateering in the Mediterranean.
1830 – 1962
French conquest
France occupies Algiers and subdues the interior in decades of war; Emir Abdelkader leads the resistance until 1847.
1954 – 1962
War of Independence
The Front de Libération Nationale begins an armed struggle; the war costs hundreds of thousands of lives.
1962
Independence
After the Évian Accords Algeria becomes independent; about a million European settlers leave.
歷史背景
Algeria's history is shaped by the contrast between coast and interior: the coastal cities belonged to the Mediterranean world, while mountains and desert remained the domain of tribes and self-governing communities. Berber dynasties such as the Zirids and Zayyanids ruled states of their own in the Middle Ages.
French colonisation differed from that elsewhere in Africa in that Algeria was governed as part of France and hundreds of thousands of Europeans settled there on expropriated land. The war of independence and the civil war of the 1990s have left deep marks to this day.
歷代族群與文化傳承
647
Islamic era to the present
- Arabs
- Kabyles
- Chaoui
- Mozabites
- Tuareg
- Andalusian refugees
- European settlers (until 1962)
Arab tribes and Berber dynasties shaped the Middle Ages. Most Algerians have both Berber and Arab roots; Berber languages live on in Kabylia, the Aurès and the Sahara.
宗教、世界觀與哲學
In late antiquity North Africa was a centre of Christianity, with Augustine as its best-known thinker. After the seventh century the population gradually became Muslim; in the Middle Ages dissident currents such as Kharijism found support, of which the Ibadis of the M'zab are the heirs.
For centuries Sufi brotherhoods and the veneration of local saints carried religious life in the countryside. Emir Abdelkader was both a resistance leader and a Sufi scholar; in the twentieth century a reformist movement turned precisely against that popular piety.
藝術流派
🎨 Rock art of the Saharac. 10,000–1000 BCE
The paintings of Tassili n'Ajjer form one of the largest collections of prehistoric art in the world.
🎨 Andalusian musicfrom the fifteenth century
Refugees from Spain brought the nouba with them; the traditions of Tlemcen, Algiers and Constantine live on alongside popular chaâbi.
🎨 Modern Algerian painting and literaturetwentieth century
The miniaturist Mohammed Racim renewed an old form; writers such as Kateb Yacine and Assia Djebar wrote about colonisation and identity.
傳統與習俗
Raï音樂與舞蹈
Folk music from Oran that grew in the twentieth century into pop music about love and everyday life; recognised by UNESCO.
Yennayer節慶12 January
The Berber New Year is celebrated with a shared meal; a national holiday since 2018.
Sebiba儀式Ashura
In the oasis of Djanet the Tuareg perform a dance with swords and drums during Ashura.
Imzad音樂與舞蹈
Single-stringed bowed instrument that among the Tuareg is played only by women, accompanying sung poetry.
飲食與烹飪文化史
Algerian cooking combines Berber grain dishes with Arab, Andalusian, Ottoman and French influences. Semolina, lamb, olive oil, dates and spice blends such as ras el hanout form the basis.
飲食文化史
Barley and durum wheat were already the basis in antiquity; Rome regarded the region as a granary. Couscous, steamed above a stew, probably originated in the Berber Middle Ages and spread across the whole Maghreb.
Muslims and Jews who came from Spain after 1492 brought refined sweets and the combination of meat with fruit; the Ottomans added layered pastries and stuffed vegetables. The French period left the baguette behind and for a time made winegrowing an export sector.
- Berber grain and pastoral cooking
- Arab and Andalusian spices and sweets
- Ottoman pastries and stuffed vegetables
- French bread and patisserie
- Date cultivation in the oases
Couscous主菜
Steamed semolina grains with vegetables, chickpeas and meat.
起源: Berber; the knowledge and practices around couscous have been on the UNESCO list since 2020.
Chorba frik湯
Soup of lamb, tomato and roasted green wheat, a fixed part of the Ramadan meal.
起源: Eastern Algeria; the word 'chorba' comes from Ottoman Turkish.
Makroud甜點
Diamond-shaped semolina biscuits with date paste, fried and dipped in honey.
起源: Maghreb, medieval; associated with Kairouan and eastern Algeria.
Deglet nour小吃
Semi-soft, translucent date from the oases around Biskra.
起源: Oasis cultivation in the northern Sahara.
資料來源： Algeria — Encyclopaedia Britannica · UNESCO World Heritage: Tassili n'Ajjer