100 – 1431
Early states and Angkor
- Khmer
- Mon
- Cham
- Indian traders and Brahmins
The Khmer built a rice state with reservoirs and canals; Sanskrit was the language of inscriptions, Old Khmer that of administration.
東南亞首都: 金邊
柬埔寨
柬埔寨位於湄公河與洞裡薩湖周圍的低地，洞裡薩湖每逢雨季面積都會擴大數倍。九世紀至十五世紀，吳哥是高棉帝國的中心，該帝國控制著東南亞大陸的大片地區。經歷法國殖民統治、戰爭和紅色高棉的大屠殺之後，該國自1993年起重新成為王國。
- 語言
- Khmer (official), Cham, Vietnamese and Chinese languages, Languages of the highland peoples in the north-east
- 宗教與世界觀
- Theravada Buddhism (state religion), Islam (Cham), Spirit and ancestor veneration, Christian minorities
歷史時間線
100 – 550
Funan
On the Mekong delta a trading state arises that adopts Indian gods, script and forms of government.
802 – 1431
Foundation of the Khmer Empire
Jayavarman II has himself consecrated as universal monarch on Mount Kulen; the capital comes to lie near Angkor.
1113 – 1150
Construction of Angkor Wat
Under Suryavarman II the temple complex dedicated to Vishnu rises, later a Buddhist sanctuary.
1431
Decline of Angkor
After attacks by Thai Ayutthaya the court moves south, towards present-day Phnom Penh.
1863 – 1953
French protectorate
The king accepts French protection; Cambodia becomes part of French Indochina.
1953
Independence
King Norodom Sihanouk achieves independence by diplomatic means.
1975 – 1979
Khmer Rouge rule
Pol Pot's regime empties the cities and forces the population into farm labour; an estimated 1.5 to 2 million people die.
1993
Restoration of the monarchy
After the Paris Accords and elections supervised by the United Nations the country receives a new constitution.
歷史背景
Angkor's power rested on water. Huge reservoirs (baray) and canals distributed the rainwater and made several rice harvests possible; airborne laser surveys have shown that an extensive urban landscape lay around the temples, home to hundreds of thousands of people.
After Angkor the country became squeezed between its stronger neighbours Siam and Vietnam. The twentieth century brought the Vietnam War across the border, heavy bombing and the rule of the Khmer Rouge, which deliberately murdered scholars, monks and city dwellers.
歷代族群與文化傳承
1431
After Angkor to the present
- Khmer
- Cham
- Vietnamese
- Chinese
- Highland peoples (Khmer Loeu)
About nine in ten inhabitants are Khmer. The Muslim Cham and the Chinese and Vietnamese communities were severely persecuted under the Khmer Rouge.
宗教、世界觀與哲學
The kings of Angkor venerated Shiva and Vishnu and had themselves linked with the gods as 'god-king'; around 1200 Jayavarman VII made Mahayana Buddhism the court religion. From the thirteenth century the more austere Theravada Buddhism took over.
Almost every village has a monastery that is also a school and meeting place, and many boys spend some time as monks. People also venerate the neak ta, guardian spirits of a place. The Khmer Rouge banned all religion; afterwards the monastic order was rebuilt.
藝術流派
🎨 Angkorian architecture and sculptureninth–thirteenth century
Temple mountains such as Angkor Wat and the Bayon, with hundreds of metres of reliefs and towers bearing gigantic faces.
🎨 Classical Khmer dancefrom the Angkor period
The gestures of the court dancers match the apsaras on temple walls; after 1979 the tradition was restored by surviving teachers.
🎨 New Khmer Architecture and the golden age of pop music1953–1970
The architect Vann Molyvann combined modernism with Khmer forms; singers such as Sinn Sisamouth blended rock with traditional melodies.
傳統與習俗
Bon Om Touk節慶November
The Water Festival celebrates with boat races the moment the flow of the Tonlé Sap changes direction.
Chaul Chnam Thmey節慶April
The Khmer New Year lasts three days, with temple visits, sand mounds and the washing of Buddha images.
Royal ballet音樂與舞蹈
Court dance with slow, precise hand gestures that mirrors the figures on the reliefs of Angkor; recognised by UNESCO.
Sbek Thom口頭敘事
Shadow theatre with large leather panels depicting episodes from the Reamker, the Khmer version of the Ramayana.
飲食與烹飪文化史
Rice and freshwater fish from the Tonlé Sap form the basis, seasoned with prahok (fermented fish paste), the herb paste kroeung, coconut and palm sugar. The cuisine is milder than that of neighbouring countries.
飲食文化史
The annual flooding of the Tonlé Sap yields one of the richest freshwater fisheries in the world. After the rainy season the catch is quickly salted, dried or fermented into prahok, so that there is protein all year round.
Indian traders brought spices and the idea of the curry, the Chinese noodles, the wok and soy sauce, and the French bread and coffee. The famine under the Khmer Rouge and the loss of a generation of cooks meant that many recipes later had to be recovered from the memory of the elderly.
- Rice farming and fishing around the Tonlé Sap
- Indian spices and curries
- Chinese noodles and stir-frying
- French baguette and coffee
- Kampot pepper
Amok trey主菜
Fish in coconut milk and kroeung, steamed in a cup made of banana leaf.
起源: Often counted as part of the court cuisine of the Khmer Empire.
Nom banh chok主菜
Fresh rice noodles with a green fish curry and raw herbs, eaten for breakfast.
起源: Rural dish; carried round in baskets by street vendors.
Bai sach chrouk街頭小吃
Grilled pork marinated in coconut milk, served on broken rice.
起源: Urban breakfast, twentieth century.
Prahok配菜
Salted and fermented paste of river fish, used as a seasoning or as a dip.
起源: Preservation technique for the catch after the rainy season.
資料來源： Cambodia — Encyclopaedia Britannica · UNESCO World Heritage: Angkor