西元前35年 – 1000
Before and after the conquest
- Celts
- Romans
- Huns
- Avars
- Slavs
- Magyars
The basin was a corridor for steppe peoples. The Magyars brought a Finno-Ugric language related to languages of the Ural region.
歐洲首都: 布達佩斯
匈牙利
匈牙利位於喀爾巴阡盆地，馬扎爾騎馬部落約在895年定居於此。中世紀的匈牙利王國是中歐的大國之一，直到十六世紀被奧斯曼帝國和哈布斯堡王朝瓜分。1920年之後，該國失去了三分之二的領土；經過四十年的共產黨統治，它於1989年成為議會制共和國。
- 語言
- Hungarian (official), German, Romani, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian and Serbian (recognised minority languages)
- 宗教與世界觀
- Roman Catholicism, Calvinism (Reformed Church), Lutheranism, Jewish community, Non-religious population
歷史時間線
西元前35年 – 433
Roman Pannonia
The land west of the Danube becomes a Roman province; Aquincum lies on the site of later Budapest.
895
Magyar conquest
Under Prince Árpád, Magyar tribes cross the Carpathians and take possession of the basin.
1000
Coronation of Stephen I
The first king turns Hungary into a Christian kingdom on the western model.
1241 – 1242
Mongol invasion
A Mongol army devastates large parts of the country; afterwards the king has stone castles built.
1526 – 1699
Battle of Mohács
The Ottomans defeat the Hungarian army; the kingdom splits into a Habsburg, an Ottoman and a Transylvanian part.
1848 – 1849
Revolution and war of independence
Reformers demand a government of their own; the uprising is put down in 1849 with Russian help.
1920
Treaty of Trianon
Hungary loses about two thirds of its territory; millions of Hungarians have lived in neighbouring countries ever since.
1956
Hungarian Uprising
A popular uprising against communist rule is crushed by Soviet troops; some 200,000 people flee.
歷史背景
Its position on the edge of the steppe and on the border between Latin and Orthodox Europe repeatedly made Hungary a frontier zone. The Ottoman period left the centre of the country depopulated, while the west under the Habsburgs and Transylvania as a semi-independent principality went their own ways.
The language, which is related to none of the neighbouring languages, became the core of national consciousness in the nineteenth century. The loss of territory in 1920 remained an open wound in politics and to this day shapes relations with the Hungarian minorities in neighbouring countries.
歷代族群與文化傳承
1000
Kingdom and modern state
- Hungarians
- German-speaking Danube Swabians
- Slovaks
- Romanians
- Serbs and Croats
- Roma
- Jewish communities
The kingdom was multilingual; after the Ottoman period the Habsburgs brought settlers to depopulated regions. The Holocaust cost more than half a million Hungarian Jews their lives.
宗教、世界觀與哲學
Around 1000 King Stephen chose Latin Christianity and the bond with Rome, a choice that oriented the country towards the West. In the sixteenth century a large part of the population became Calvinist; the city of Debrecen is still called the 'Calvinist Rome'.
In Transylvania the Diet of Torda laid down in 1568 that congregations could choose their own preacher, one of the earliest European laws on freedom of religion. Jewish life flourished in the nineteenth century, especially in Budapest, until the deportations of 1944.
藝術流派
🎨 Hungarian Romanticismnineteenth century
The composer Franz Liszt and the poet Sándor Petőfi linked art with the national cause; the painter Mihály Munkácsy recorded the life of the people.
🎨 Szecesszióc. 1890–1914
The Hungarian Art Nouveau of the architect Ödön Lechner used folk motifs and colourful Zsolnay ceramics on façades and roofs.
🎨 Folk music research and modernismtwentieth century
Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály recorded thousands of peasant songs and worked their rhythms and scales into modern compositions.
傳統與習俗
Busójárás節慶February
In Mohács men in wooden masks and sheepskins drive out the winter at the end of carnival.
Táncház音樂與舞蹈
Since the 1970s city dwellers have learned folk dances to live music in 'dance houses'; recognised by UNESCO.
Bathing culture習俗all year
Thermal springs feed bathhouses from the Ottoman period and the nineteenth century, above all in Budapest.
Matyó embroidery手工藝
Colourful floral embroidery from the area around Mezőkövesd on clothing and linen.
飲食與烹飪文化史
Hungarian cooking is hearty and built on paprika powder, onion, lard and sour cream. Paprika only arrived in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries via the Ottoman Empire; the stews go back to the cauldron cooking of herdsmen on the puszta.
飲食文化史
Medieval court cooking used mainly pepper, saffron and ginger. The Ottomans brought paprika, tomato, aubergine and coffee; the poor adopted paprika powder as a cheap substitute for pepper, and only in the nineteenth century did it reach middle-class cooking too.
In the same century goulash and paprikás were deliberately raised to national dishes, as a counterweight to Viennese cooking. The wine of Tokaj had by then been a favoured gift to European courts for centuries; Louis XIV is said to have called it the 'wine of kings'.
- Cauldron cooking of herdsmen and drovers
- Ottoman vegetables, spices and coffee
- Austrian and German bourgeois cooking
- Viticulture since Roman times
Gulyás湯
Soup of beef, onion, potato and paprika powder, traditionally cooked in a cauldron over a fire.
起源: Herdsmen's dish of the Great Hungarian Plain; paprika since the eighteenth century.
Lángos街頭小吃
Deep-fried yeast dough with garlic, sour cream and grated cheese.
起源: Originally a flatbread from the baking oven; street food from the twentieth century.
Dobos torte甜點
Cake of thin sponge layers with chocolate buttercream and a hard caramel top.
起源: Budapest, 1885, by the confectioner József Dobos.
Tokaji aszú飲品
Sweet white wine made from grapes shrivelled by noble rot.
起源: Tokaj; the wine region has been legally delimited since 1737.
資料來源： Hungary — Encyclopaedia Britannica · UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage: Busó festivities at Mohács